| Rugamonas violacea |
Description is based mostly on API ZYM and Biolog GEN III tests.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, alpha-chymotrypsin, casein hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin
hydrolysis, leucine arylamidase, malonate utilization, valine arylamidase (weak), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, tyrosine
hydrolysis, acid production from glucose, fructose, mannitol, and maltose.
Can utilize as sole carbon source: D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, sucrose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-fructose, D-mannitol,
glycerol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, gelatin, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, D-gluconic acid, L-malic acid, and Tween 40.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, acetamide utilization, Simmons citrate, DNase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase
(C14), cystinearylamidase, alpha-fucosidase, alpha and beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, H2S production,
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, lysine decarboxylase, methyl-red test, alpha-mannosidase, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
(ONPG), ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, trypsin, Tween 80 hydrolysis and urease.
No utilization of: gentiobiose, stachyose, D-raffinose, alpha-D-lactose, D-melibiose, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, D-salicin,
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, 3-methyl glucose, D- and L-fucose, L-rhamnose,
D-sorbitol, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, L-pyroglutamic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-galactonic acid lactone, D-glucuronic acid,
glucuronamide, mucic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, alpha-keto glutaric
acid, D-malic acid,gamma-amino-butyric acid, alpha-hydroxy-butyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and formic acid.
Variable results for lecithinase, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction and Voges-Proskauer test (acetoin).
Variable utilization of: dextrin, alpha-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, inosine, D-arabitol, myo-inositol, D-fructose-6-phosphate,
glycyl-L-proline, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, pectin, methyl pyruvate, L-lactic acid, citric acid, bromo-succinic acid, D,L-butyric acid,
alpha-keto butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid.
Positive results for acid and alkaline phosphatase, catalase, alpha-chymotrypsin, casein hydrolysis, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin
hydrolysis, leucine arylamidase, malonate utilization, valine arylamidase (weak), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, tyrosine
hydrolysis, acid production from glucose, fructose, mannitol, and maltose.
Can utilize as sole carbon source: D-maltose, D-trehalose, D-cellobiose, sucrose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-fructose, D-mannitol,
glycerol, D-glucose-6-phosphate, gelatin, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, D-gluconic acid, L-malic acid, and Tween 40.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, acetamide utilization, Simmons citrate, DNase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase
(C14), cystinearylamidase, alpha-fucosidase, alpha and beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, H2S production,
N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, lysine decarboxylase, methyl-red test, alpha-mannosidase, o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
(ONPG), ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, starch hydrolysis, trypsin, Tween 80 hydrolysis and urease.
No utilization of: gentiobiose, stachyose, D-raffinose, alpha-D-lactose, D-melibiose, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, D-salicin,
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-beta-D-mannosamine, N-acetyl neuraminic acid, 3-methyl glucose, D- and L-fucose, L-rhamnose,
D-sorbitol, D-aspartic acid, D-serine, L-pyroglutamic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-galactonic acid lactone, D-glucuronic acid,
glucuronamide, mucic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, alpha-keto glutaric
acid, D-malic acid,gamma-amino-butyric acid, alpha-hydroxy-butyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and formic acid.
Variable results for lecithinase, nitrate reduction, nitrite reduction and Voges-Proskauer test (acetoin).
Variable utilization of: dextrin, alpha-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, inosine, D-arabitol, myo-inositol, D-fructose-6-phosphate,
glycyl-L-proline, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-serine, pectin, methyl pyruvate, L-lactic acid, citric acid, bromo-succinic acid, D,L-butyric acid,
alpha-keto butyric acid, propionic acid and acetic acid.
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria), Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Pseudomonadales, Family Pseudomonadaceae,
Genus Rugamonas, Rugamonas violacea Sedlacek et al. 2022.
Genus Rugamonas, Rugamonas violacea Sedlacek et al. 2022.
Gram-negative shorter rods,0.6-0.9 x 1.4-2.0 µm, occurring predominantly separately
or in irregular clusters. Motile with a bundle of polar flagella. Non-spore-forming.
or in irregular clusters. Motile with a bundle of polar flagella. Non-spore-forming.
Colonies on R2A medium are circular, whole margin, convex, smooth, glistening with
bold blue-violet endopigment violacein, approximately 2 mm in diameter after 3 days
cultivation at 20 ºC, and moderately slimy with strong adherence to agar surface.
Fluorescein (King B medium) is not produced. Aerobic growth occurs only on R2A
agar and PCA agar at 20 ºC. Good growth at 1-25 ºC, at pH 6.0-9.0, and in the
presence of 0.5% NaCl.
bold blue-violet endopigment violacein, approximately 2 mm in diameter after 3 days
cultivation at 20 ºC, and moderately slimy with strong adherence to agar surface.
Fluorescein (King B medium) is not produced. Aerobic growth occurs only on R2A
agar and PCA agar at 20 ºC. Good growth at 1-25 ºC, at pH 6.0-9.0, and in the
presence of 0.5% NaCl.
Isolated from treams and lakeslocated in a deglaciated northern part of James Ross Island, Antarctica.
Resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, ceftazidime, and chloramphenicol, butsensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem,
kanamycin, co-trimoxazole, streptomy-cin, and tetracycline. Variable resistance to piperacillin.
Resistant to ampicillin, carbenicillin, ceftazidime, and chloramphenicol, butsensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem,
kanamycin, co-trimoxazole, streptomy-cin, and tetracycline. Variable resistance to piperacillin.
Undetermined.
- Sedlacek I, Holochova P, Sobotka R, Busse HJ, Svec P, Kralova S, Sedo O, Pilny J, Stankova E, Koublova V, et al. Classification of
a Violacein-Producing Psychrophilic Group of Isolates Associated with Freshwater in Antarctica and Description of Rugamonas
violacea sp. nov. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0045221.
(c) Costin Stoica
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