| Xenorhabdus nematophila |
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Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacterales, Family Morganellaceae, Genus Xenorhabdus,
Xenorhabdus nematophila corrig. (Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979 - type species of the genus.
Basonym: Achromobacter nematophilus Poinar and Thomas 1965.
Xenorhabdus nematophila corrig. (Poinar and Thomas 1965) Thomas and Poinar 1979 - type species of the genus.
Basonym: Achromobacter nematophilus Poinar and Thomas 1965.
Gram-negative rods 0.3-2 x 2-10 μm, occasionally presenting filaments of 15-50 μm
in length. May produce crystalline inclusions. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Swarming may occur.
in length. May produce crystalline inclusions. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Swarming may occur.
Colonies may present phase variation. Phase 1 colonies are granular, circular with
slightly irregular margins and 1.5-2 mm in diameter (4 days incubation at 28 ºC),
sometimes yellow to brown-pigmented. Phase 2 colonies are circular, flatter and
larger (2.5-3.5 mm in 4 days at 28 ºC). Not pigmented. Facultatively anaerobic,
optimum growth temperature 28 ºC. No growth at 34 ºC. Grow on media: Nutrient Agar
or Nutrient Broth, Trypticase Soy Agar ± 5% sheep blood.
slightly irregular margins and 1.5-2 mm in diameter (4 days incubation at 28 ºC),
sometimes yellow to brown-pigmented. Phase 2 colonies are circular, flatter and
larger (2.5-3.5 mm in 4 days at 28 ºC). Not pigmented. Facultatively anaerobic,
optimum growth temperature 28 ºC. No growth at 34 ºC. Grow on media: Nutrient Agar
or Nutrient Broth, Trypticase Soy Agar ± 5% sheep blood.
Associated with one species of nematode only, Steinernema carpocapsae. Usually sensitive to furazolidone.
Symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes. Together, Xenorhabdus and their nematode host infect and kill insects that are
used during their reproductive cycles.
Toxicity for insects is caused by a series of antimicrobial end products that are excreted by the symbiont during the multiplication of
the nematodes in the insects hosts.
Some strains may have antibacterial or antifungal activity.
used during their reproductive cycles.
Toxicity for insects is caused by a series of antimicrobial end products that are excreted by the symbiont during the multiplication of
the nematodes in the insects hosts.
Some strains may have antibacterial or antifungal activity.
- J. G. Holt et al., 1994. Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. Subgroup 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae. In: Begey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, 9th-edition, Williams & Wilkins, pp 175-189. - Akhurst R.J. & Boemare N.E.: A numerical taxonomic study of the genus Xenorhabdus (Enterobacteriaceae) and proposed
elevation of the subspecies of X. nematophilus to species. J. Gen. Microbiol., 1988, 134, 1835-1845. - Lengyel K., Lang E., Fodor A., Szallas E., Schumann P. & Stackebrandt E.: Description of four novel species of Xenorhabdus,
family Enterobacteriaceae: Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov.,
and Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp. nov. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 2005, 28, 115-122. - Nishimura Y., Hagiwara A., Suzuki T. & Yamanaka S.: Xenorhabdus japonicus sp. nov. associated with the nematode
Steinernema kushidai. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 1994, 10, 207-210. - Thomas G.M. & Poinar Jr. G.O.: Xenorhabdus gen. nov., a genus of entomopathogenic nematophilic bacteria of the family
Enterobacteriaceae. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1979, 29, 352-360. - Poinar Jr. G.O. and Thomas G.M.: A new bacterium, Achromobacter nematophilus sp. nov. (Achromobacteriaceae: Eubacteriales)
associated with a nematode. International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1965, 15, 249-252. - Boemare N.E., Akhurst R.J., Mourant R.G.: DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria
of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov,
1993, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 43:(2) 249-255. - Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second
edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp 587-897. - Euzeby J.P., List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Xenorhabdus, https://www.bacterio.cict.
fr/xz/xenorhabdus.html - Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for
Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov.,
Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2016; 66:5575-5599. - Lengyel K, Lang E, Fodor A, Szallas E, Schumann P, Stackebrandt E. Description of four novel species of Xenorhabdus, family
Enterobacteriaceae: Xenorhabdus budapestensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus ehlersii sp. nov., Xenorhabdus innexi sp. nov., and
Xenorhabdus szentirmaii sp. nov. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 28:115-122.
Positive results for methyl red, gelatin hydrolysis, acid production from: glucose (without gas production), fructose, glycerol, maltose
(weak), D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and trehalose.
Can utilize (Biolog GN) glycogen, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-fructose, maltose, D-mannose, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid,
D-gluconic acid, p-hydroxy-phenyl acetic acid, alpha-keto glutaric acid, D,L lactic acid, bromo-succinic acid, alanin-amide, L-alanyl-
glycine, L-alanine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-proline, D-serine, L-threonine, uridine, thymidine,
glucose-1-phosphate, dextrin, alpha-D-glucose, D-trehalose, methyl-pyruvate, succinic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-
glutamic acid, L-serine, glycerol, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, inosine and glucose-6-phosphate.
All the other Biolog GN tests are negative.
Negative results for catalase, oxidase, beta-galactosidase, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase,
indole production, H2S production, urea hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer reaction, growth on KCN media, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine
deaminase, starch hydrolysis, acid production from: L-arabinose, adonitol, cellobiose, dulcitol, esculin, gluconate, lactose, D-
mannitol, melibiose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-sorbitol, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, xylose and other API 50CH tests.
(weak), D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and trehalose.
Can utilize (Biolog GN) glycogen, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-fructose, maltose, D-mannose, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid,
D-gluconic acid, p-hydroxy-phenyl acetic acid, alpha-keto glutaric acid, D,L lactic acid, bromo-succinic acid, alanin-amide, L-alanyl-
glycine, L-alanine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-proline, D-serine, L-threonine, uridine, thymidine,
glucose-1-phosphate, dextrin, alpha-D-glucose, D-trehalose, methyl-pyruvate, succinic acid, L-aspartic acid, L-asparagine, L-
glutamic acid, L-serine, glycerol, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate, inosine and glucose-6-phosphate.
All the other Biolog GN tests are negative.
Negative results for catalase, oxidase, beta-galactosidase, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase,
indole production, H2S production, urea hydrolysis, Voges-Proskauer reaction, growth on KCN media, nitrate reduction, phenylalanine
deaminase, starch hydrolysis, acid production from: L-arabinose, adonitol, cellobiose, dulcitol, esculin, gluconate, lactose, D-
mannitol, melibiose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-sorbitol, raffinose, rhamnose, sucrose, xylose and other API 50CH tests.
(c) Costin Stoica
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Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [+] positive 75-89%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74% of strains,
Differential characters of related species:
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