| Photorhabdus laumondii |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacteriales, Family Morganellaceae, Genus Photorhabdus,
-Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999) Machado et al. 2018,
-Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. clarkei Machado et al. 2018.
Old synonym: Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999.
-Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999) Machado et al. 2018,
-Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. clarkei Machado et al. 2018.
Old synonym: Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999.
Gram-negative rods. Motile by peritrichous flagella.
Colonies on nutrient agar are orangey or yellowish, mucoid and luminescent.
Maximum temperature for growth in nutrient broth is 35-36 ºC. Total hemolysis on
sheep and horse blood agars; the Photorhabdus annular reaction is rare.
Maximum temperature for growth in nutrient broth is 35-36 ºC. Total hemolysis on
sheep and horse blood agars; the Photorhabdus annular reaction is rare.
Subsp. laumondii was isolated from nematodes of the group HP88 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in South and North America,
southern Europe, and Australia.
Subsp. clarkei was isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora BOJ-47 nematodes collected from Bojnourd, North Khorasan, Iran.
southern Europe, and Australia.
Subsp. clarkei was isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora BOJ-47 nematodes collected from Bojnourd, North Khorasan, Iran.
Symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes or in the infected insects.
- Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. Genus XXVI. Photorhabdus Boemare, Akhurst and Mourant
1993, 253VP. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief),
pp 732-740. - Machado RAR, Wuthrich D, Kuhnert P, Arce CCM, Thonen L, Ruiz C, Zhang X, Robert CAM, Karimi J, Kamali S, et al. Whole-
genome-based revisit of Photorhabdus phylogeny: proposal for the elevation of most Photorhabdus subspecies to the species
level and description of one novel species Photorhabdus bodei sp. nov., and one novel subspecies Photorhabdus laumondii
subsp. clarkei subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2664-2681. - Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for
Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov.,
Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2016; 66:5575-5599.
Positive results for catalase, esculin hydrolysis, gelatin hydrolysis, acid production from: glucose (without gas production), gluconate,
inositol (most strains), D-mannose, and N-acetyl-glucosamine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, H2S production, indole production, lysine decarboxylase, lecithinase (egg yolk agar), methyl
red, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, phenylalanine deaminase, Voges-Proskauer, acid production from D- and
L-arabinose, L-arabitol, D-adonitol, amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, dulcitol, erythritol, D- and L-fucose, D-galactose, gentibiose,
glycogen, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, inulin, lactose, D-lyxose, D-mannitol, melibiose, melezitose, methyl
alpha-D-mannopyranoside , methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, L-rhamnose, D-raffinose, salicin, L-sorbose, D-sorbitol, starch,
sucrose, D-tagatose, turanose, methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, xylitol, D- and L-xylose.
inositol (most strains), D-mannose, and N-acetyl-glucosamine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, H2S production, indole production, lysine decarboxylase, lecithinase (egg yolk agar), methyl
red, nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, phenylalanine deaminase, Voges-Proskauer, acid production from D- and
L-arabinose, L-arabitol, D-adonitol, amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, dulcitol, erythritol, D- and L-fucose, D-galactose, gentibiose,
glycogen, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, inulin, lactose, D-lyxose, D-mannitol, melibiose, melezitose, methyl
alpha-D-mannopyranoside , methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, L-rhamnose, D-raffinose, salicin, L-sorbose, D-sorbitol, starch,
sucrose, D-tagatose, turanose, methyl beta-D-xylopyranoside, xylitol, D- and L-xylose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74% of strains
Differential characters of the subspecies:
