| Clostridium estertheticum |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Bacillota (Firmicutes), Class Clostridia, Order Eubacteriales, Family Clostridiaceae, Genus Clostridium, Cluster I
(Clostridium sensu stricto), Clostridium estertheticum Collins, Rodrigues, Dainty, Edwards and Roberts 1993 emended Spring,
Merkhoffer, Weiss, Kroppenstedt, Hippe and Stackebrandt 2003.
Divided in two subspecies:
- Cl. estertheticum subsp. estertheticum
- Cl. estertheticum subsp. laramiense.
Historical synonym: Clostridium laramiense Kalchayanand et al. 1993.
(Clostridium sensu stricto), Clostridium estertheticum Collins, Rodrigues, Dainty, Edwards and Roberts 1993 emended Spring,
Merkhoffer, Weiss, Kroppenstedt, Hippe and Stackebrandt 2003.
Divided in two subspecies:
- Cl. estertheticum subsp. estertheticum
- Cl. estertheticum subsp. laramiense.
Historical synonym: Clostridium laramiense Kalchayanand et al. 1993.
Gram-positive rods, 1.3-1.5 x 2.4-6.0 µm, occuring singly, in pairs or short chains.
Motile by peritrichous flagella. Spores are ellipsoidal, subterminal/terminal or central;
sporangium is slightly swollen.
Motile by peritrichous flagella. Spores are ellipsoidal, subterminal/terminal or central;
sporangium is slightly swollen.
Colonies on sheep-blood agar are 1-2 mm in diameter, round with often coarsely
granulated margins, smooth, slightly raised, cream-white to grayish & semitransparent
to opaque. Psychrophilic.
C. estertheticum subsp. laramiense produce beta-hemolysis. Optimum temperature for growth is 15 ºC; range 3-21 ºC. Optimum pH
6.5, range 4.5-7.5.
C. estertheticum subsp. estertheticum is not hemolytic. Optimum growth temperature 6-8 ºC, maximum 13 ºC. pH 5.5 -7.8.
granulated margins, smooth, slightly raised, cream-white to grayish & semitransparent
to opaque. Psychrophilic.
C. estertheticum subsp. laramiense produce beta-hemolysis. Optimum temperature for growth is 15 ºC; range 3-21 ºC. Optimum pH
6.5, range 4.5-7.5.
C. estertheticum subsp. estertheticum is not hemolytic. Optimum growth temperature 6-8 ºC, maximum 13 ºC. pH 5.5 -7.8.
Isolated from vacuum-packaged refrigerated meat (both subspecies). The following antibiotics inhibit growth of C. estertheticum
subsp. laramiense: ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline
subsp. laramiense: ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, penicillin G, and tetracycline
C. estertheticum subsp. laramiense is non-toxic to mice.
- N.A. Logan and P. De Vos, 2009. Genus I. Clostridium Prazmowski 1880. In: (Eds.) P.D. Vos, G. Garrity, D. Jones, N.R. Krieg, W.
Ludwig, F.A. Rainey, K.-H. Schleifer, W.B. Whitman. Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Volume 3: The Firmicutes,
Springer, 738-828. - Stefan Spring, Birgit Merkhoffer, Norbert Weiss, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt, Hans Hippe, and Erko Stackebrandt. Characterization of
novel psychrophilic clostridia from an Antarctic microbial mat: description of Clostridium frigoris sp. nov., Clostridium
lacusfryxellense sp. nov., Clostridium bowmanii sp. nov. and Clostridium psychrophilum sp. nov. and reclassification of Clostridium
laramiense as Clostridium estertheticum subsp. laramiense subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol July 2003 53:1019-1029.
The end products of fermentation are butyrate, acetate, lactate, formate, 1-butanol, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Milk reaction
is negative and meat digestion is positive for C. estertheticum subsp. laramiense.
Positive results for H2 production, starch hydrolysis, substrate utilized and/or acid produced from: fructose, galactose, glucose, inositol,
maltose, mannitol, mannose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, starch and sucrose.
Negative results for hydrolysis of gelatin, substrate utilized and/or acid produced from: amygdalin, lactose, melezitose, ribose and
trehalose.
is negative and meat digestion is positive for C. estertheticum subsp. laramiense.
Positive results for H2 production, starch hydrolysis, substrate utilized and/or acid produced from: fructose, galactose, glucose, inositol,
maltose, mannitol, mannose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, starch and sucrose.
Negative results for hydrolysis of gelatin, substrate utilized and/or acid produced from: amygdalin, lactose, melezitose, ribose and
trehalose.
(c) Costin Stoica
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Differential characters between subspecies:
Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, d positive 25-74%, nd not determined
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