Legend: +,90% or more of strains are positive; − 90% or more of strains are negative; v variable/weak, * species included in M. avium
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| Mycobacterium avium broth culture |
| Mycobacterium avium |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinobacteria, Class Actinobacteria, Order Actinomycetales, Suborder Corynebacterineae, Family Mycobacteriaceae, Genus
Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium Chester 1901; 3 subspecies:
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Chester 1901) Thorel et al. 1990,
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Thorel et al. 1990; old synonyms: M. paratuberculosis Bergey et
al. 1923, "Darmtuberculose" Johne and Frothingham 1895, M. enteritidis Lehmann in Lehmann and Neumann 1927, Bacterium
paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Miessner and Berge in Kolle and Wasserman 1929, Bacillus paratuberculosis (Bergey et al.
1923) Krasil'nikov 1941, Mycobacterium johnei Francis 1943.
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum Thorel et al. 1990.
According to Nouioui et al. 2018, Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense Ben Salah et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of
Mycobacterium avium.
Mycobacterium, Mycobacterium avium Chester 1901; 3 subspecies:
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Chester 1901) Thorel et al. 1990,
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Thorel et al. 1990; old synonyms: M. paratuberculosis Bergey et
al. 1923, "Darmtuberculose" Johne and Frothingham 1895, M. enteritidis Lehmann in Lehmann and Neumann 1927, Bacterium
paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Miessner and Berge in Kolle and Wasserman 1929, Bacillus paratuberculosis (Bergey et al.
1923) Krasil'nikov 1941, Mycobacterium johnei Francis 1943.
- Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum Thorel et al. 1990.
According to Nouioui et al. 2018, Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense Ben Salah et al. 2009 is a later heterotypic synonym of
Mycobacterium avium.
Acid-alcohol-fast short to long rods with some filaments, without cord formation.
Subsp. avium colonies after 7 or more days of incubation at 37 ºC are smooth or
occasionally rough and non-pigmented; on ageing, colonies may become yellow.
Grows at 37-42 ºC (possible 25-45 ºC range for human or porcine isolates). Some
strains may be scotochromogenic exhibiting a bright yellow pigment. Some strains
are tolerant to 5% (w/v) NaCl in Middlebrook 7H10 medium. No growth on MacConkey
agar without crystal violet.
- Subsp. paratuberculosis is difficult to cultivate and requires mycobactin (iron-binding
hydroxamate compounds). It. can be distinguished from other members of the M.
avium complex by its mycobactin dependence (it’s the only mycobacteria that cannot
produce mycobactin).
- Subsp. silvaticum produces rough colonies after incubation for 2 weeks or more on
oleic acid medium when enhanced by low pH (pH 5.5). Growth is not stimulated by
pyruvate and does not occur on Lowenstein-Jensen or other egg-based media. No
growth in 5% (w/v) NaCl or cycloserine (50 mg/ml).
occasionally rough and non-pigmented; on ageing, colonies may become yellow.
Grows at 37-42 ºC (possible 25-45 ºC range for human or porcine isolates). Some
strains may be scotochromogenic exhibiting a bright yellow pigment. Some strains
are tolerant to 5% (w/v) NaCl in Middlebrook 7H10 medium. No growth on MacConkey
agar without crystal violet.
- Subsp. paratuberculosis is difficult to cultivate and requires mycobactin (iron-binding
hydroxamate compounds). It. can be distinguished from other members of the M.
avium complex by its mycobactin dependence (it’s the only mycobacteria that cannot
produce mycobactin).
- Subsp. silvaticum produces rough colonies after incubation for 2 weeks or more on
oleic acid medium when enhanced by low pH (pH 5.5). Growth is not stimulated by
pyruvate and does not occur on Lowenstein-Jensen or other egg-based media. No
growth in 5% (w/v) NaCl or cycloserine (50 mg/ml).
- Subsp. avium was isolated from tubercles in fowls. Less frequently isolated from
other animals and rarely isolated from soil. Resistant to ethambutol, isoniazid,
streptomycin, and rifampicin. Variable resistance to hydroxylamine (500 µg/ml).
- Subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from cattle with chronic hypertrophic enteritis
or Johne’s disease by Johne and Frothingham. Not isolated from the environment.
- Subsp. silvaticum was isolated from birds, especially wood pigeons and cranes,
and from deer. Not isolated from the environment.
other animals and rarely isolated from soil. Resistant to ethambutol, isoniazid,
streptomycin, and rifampicin. Variable resistance to hydroxylamine (500 µg/ml).
- Subsp. paratuberculosis was isolated from cattle with chronic hypertrophic enteritis
or Johne’s disease by Johne and Frothingham. Not isolated from the environment.
- Subsp. silvaticum was isolated from birds, especially wood pigeons and cranes,
and from deer. Not isolated from the environment.
- Subsp. avium is the causal agent of tuberculosis in birds; less frequently found in lesions or lymph nodes of cattle, swine, or other
animals. From the three serovars reported, serovar 2 is the most frequently encounterd in bird tuberculosis. Not pathogenic for
guinea pigs or rats.
Experimentally, in the rabbit and mouse, the organism usually proliferates without macroscopic tubercles.
Pathogenicity is greatly diminished “in vitro” on repeated passage.
- Subsp. paratuberculosis causes enteritis in cattle and other ruminants and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s
disease in humans.
- Subsp. silvaticum produces tuberculosis in birds and paratuberculosis in mammals.
animals. From the three serovars reported, serovar 2 is the most frequently encounterd in bird tuberculosis. Not pathogenic for
guinea pigs or rats.
Experimentally, in the rabbit and mouse, the organism usually proliferates without macroscopic tubercles.
Pathogenicity is greatly diminished “in vitro” on repeated passage.
- Subsp. paratuberculosis causes enteritis in cattle and other ruminants and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s
disease in humans.
- Subsp. silvaticum produces tuberculosis in birds and paratuberculosis in mammals.
- John G. Magee and Alan C. Ward 2012. Family III. Mycobacteriaceae Chester 1897, 63AL in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic
Bacteriology, Volume Five The Actinobacteria, Part A, Michael Goodfellow & al. (editors), 312-375. - Loredana Gabriela Popa, Mircea Ioan Popa 2009. Identificarea bacililor acido-rezistenti in: Tratat de microbiologie clinica, Dumitru
Buiuc, Marian Negut, ed. a III-a, Editura Medicala, 881-890, ISBN (13) 978-973-39-0593-6. - Nouioui I, Carro L, Garcia-Lopez L, Meier-Kolthoff JP, et al. Genome-based taxonomic classication of the phylum Actinobacteria.
Front Microbiol 2007; 2018:9. - Wayne LG. Classification and identification of mycobacteria. III. Species within Group III. American Review of Respiratory Diseases
1966; 93:919-928. - Tsukamura M. Numerical identification of slowly growing mycobacteria. Microbiol Immunol. 1985;29(11):1039‐1050. doi:10.1111/j.
1348-0421.1985.tb00894.x - Tsukamura M. Numerical Classification of Slowly Growing Mycobacteria. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, Oct. 1976,
p. 409-420. - Tsukamura M. Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 1966; 45:253-273.
- Bojalil LF, Cerbon J, Trujillo A. Adansonian classification of mycobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 1962; 28:333-346.
- I. B. Salah, C. Cayrou, D. Raoult, and M. Drancourt, Mycobacterium marseillense sp. nov., Mycobacterium timonense sp. nov. and
Mycobacterium bouchedurhonense sp. nov.,members of the Mycobacterium avium complex. International Journal of Systematic
and Evolutionary Microbiology, vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 2803-2808, 2009. - Zhang ZY, Sun ZQ, Wang ZL, Hu HR, Wen ZL, Song YZ, Zhao JW, Wang HH, Guo XK, Zhang SL. Identification and pathogenicity
analysis of a novel non-tuberculous mycobacterium clinical isolate with nine-antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:91-
96. - Rastogi N, Legrand E, Sola C. The mycobacteria: an introduction to nomenclature and pathogenesis. Rev Sci Tech. 2001;20(1):21‐
54. doi:10.20506/rst.20.1.1265 - Stanford JL, Gunthorpe WJ. A study of some fast-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria including species descriptions of
Mycobacterium gilvum (new species) and Mycobacterium duvalii (new species). Br J Exp Pathol 1971; 52:627-637. - Van Ingen J, Lindeboom JA, Hartwig NG, de Zwaan R, Tortoli E, Dekhuijzen PN, Boeree MJ, van Soolingen D. Mycobacterium
mantenii sp. nov., a pathogenic, slowly growing, scotochromogenic species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2009; 59:2782-2787.
Positive results for catalase (68 ºC), alpha-esterase, neutral red test, nicotinamidase,
pyrazinamidase and tellurite reduction (most strains).
Can utilize in the presence of ammoniac nitrogen: propionate and pyruvate.
Negative results for acid phosphatase, semiquantitative catalase test, iron absorption
(7 days), beta-galactosidase, niacin production, nitrate reduction, Tween 80
hydrolysis (usually), arylsulphatase (3 and 10 d), and urease.
No utilization of citrate, malate, succinate, fumarate, fructose, sucrose, ethanol, and
benzoate.
pyrazinamidase and tellurite reduction (most strains).
Can utilize in the presence of ammoniac nitrogen: propionate and pyruvate.
Negative results for acid phosphatase, semiquantitative catalase test, iron absorption
(7 days), beta-galactosidase, niacin production, nitrate reduction, Tween 80
hydrolysis (usually), arylsulphatase (3 and 10 d), and urease.
No utilization of citrate, malate, succinate, fumarate, fructose, sucrose, ethanol, and
benzoate.
(c) Costin Stoica
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| M. avium acid-fast rods. Ziehl-Neelsen stain. |
