| Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Actinobacteria, Class Actinobacteria, Order Micrococcales, Family Micrococcaceae, Genus Pseudarthrobacter,
Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus (Westerberg et al. 2000) Busse 2016.
Historical synonym: Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Westerberg et al. 2000.
Species description is based on a single isolate.
Pseudarthrobacter chlorophenolicus (Westerberg et al. 2000) Busse 2016.
Historical synonym: Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus Westerberg et al. 2000.
Species description is based on a single isolate.
Gram-positive cells, with a rod-coccus cycle. The cocci are 0.75 µm in diameter. The rods are 0.5-0.7 x 1-4 µm. Motile. Spores are not
produced.
produced.
Colonies are circular, smooth and pearl grey in colour on nutrient agar. Obligately
aerobic. Grows at: 3-37 ºC; optimally at 20-30 ºC. Can grow on MacConkey agar.
Growth occurs with a suitable carbon source in mineral salts medium, no additional
growth factors are needed. Red to black pigment is formed from several phenolic
compounds.
It is able to grow on up to 350 p.p.m. 4-chlorophenol in liquid culture, using the
compound as sole carbon and energy source. Can grow on a number of other
para-substituted phenolic compounds (phenol, 4-bromophenol, 4-nitrophenol,
4-fluorophenol). 4-Nitrophenol could also be used as sole source of nitrogen.
aerobic. Grows at: 3-37 ºC; optimally at 20-30 ºC. Can grow on MacConkey agar.
Growth occurs with a suitable carbon source in mineral salts medium, no additional
growth factors are needed. Red to black pigment is formed from several phenolic
compounds.
It is able to grow on up to 350 p.p.m. 4-chlorophenol in liquid culture, using the
compound as sole carbon and energy source. Can grow on a number of other
para-substituted phenolic compounds (phenol, 4-bromophenol, 4-nitrophenol,
4-fluorophenol). 4-Nitrophenol could also be used as sole source of nitrogen.
Isolated from a soil suspension was gradually enriched with 4-chlorophenol by successively increasing the 4-chlorophenol
concentration from 50 to 350 p.p.m. over a period of 165 days.
concentration from 50 to 350 p.p.m. over a period of 165 days.
Undetermined.
- Westerberg K, Elvang AM, Stackebrandt E, Jansson JK. Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus sp. nov., a new species capable of
degrading high concentrations of 4-chlorophenol. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000; 50:2083-2092. - Busse H.J., 2016. Review of the taxonomy of the genus Arthrobacter, emendation of the genus Arthrobacter sensu lato, proposal
to reclassify selected species of the genus Arthrobacter in the novel genera Glutamicibacter gen. nov., Paeniglutamicibacter gen.
nov., Pseudoglutamicibacter gen. nov., Paenarthrobacter gen. nov. and Pseudarthrobacter gen. nov., and emended description of
Arthrobacter roseus. IJSEM 66, 9-37. - Kim KK, Lee KC, Oh HM, Kim MJ, Eom MK, Lee JS. Arthrobacter defluvii sp. nov., 4-chlorophenol-degrading bacteria isolated from
sewage. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2008; 58:1916-1921. - Park Y, Kook M, Ngo HT, Kim KY, Park SY, Mavlonov GT, Yi TH. Arthrobacter bambusae sp. nov., isolated from soil of a bamboo
grove. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:3069-3074.
Positive results for casein hydrolysis, catalase, DNase, alpha-mannosidase, acid production from L-arabinose, galactose, glucose,
maltose, lactose, rhamnose, and trehalose.
Grows on acetate, ethanol, glycerol, creatine, uric acid, succinate, glucose, tyrosine, ascorbic acid, nicotine and weakly on creatinine.
Can utilize (BIOLOG test): dextrin, glycogen, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-gluconic acid, alpha-D-glucose, maltose, maltotriose,
D-mannose, D-melezitose, D-melibiose, D-psicose, D-raffinose, D-ribose, stachyose, sucrose, turanose, acetic acid,
beta-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, L-malic acid, methyl pyruvate,
pyruvic acid, N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid, D- and L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine
and putrescine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4) , esterase lipase (C8), alpha-fucosidase,
gelatin hydrolysis, beta-glucosidase, beta- galactosidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, indole
production, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, lipase (C14), cystine arylamidase, alpha-chymotrypsin, acid production from inositol
and mannitol.
No acid production (API 50 CH) from adonitol, amygdalin, arbutin, D- and L-arabinose, D- and L-arabitol, cellobiose, erythritol, D- and
L-fucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, glycerol, glycogen, gentibiose, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, N-acetylglucosamine, inositol,
inulin, lactose, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, D-mannose, D-mannitol, D-maltose, melezitose,
melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, salicin, D-sorbitol, starch, L-sorbose, sucrose, D-tagatose, trehalose, turanose, xylitol, D-
and L-xylose.
No utilization (BIOLOG test) of inulin, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, Tween 40 and 80, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-
mannosamine, amygdalin, L-arabinose, L-arabitol, arbutin, L-fucose, D-galacturonic acid, alpha-D-lactose,
beta-methyl-D-galactoside, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, salicin,
sedoheptulosan, D-tagatose, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, lactamide, 2,3-butanediol, 2-deoxyadenosine,
inosine, thymidine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, thymidine-5'-monophosphate, uridine-5'-monophosphate, fructose 6-phosphate,
glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and D-L-alpha-glycerol phosphate.
Niacin and methanol are not utilized.
maltose, lactose, rhamnose, and trehalose.
Grows on acetate, ethanol, glycerol, creatine, uric acid, succinate, glucose, tyrosine, ascorbic acid, nicotine and weakly on creatinine.
Can utilize (BIOLOG test): dextrin, glycogen, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-gluconic acid, alpha-D-glucose, maltose, maltotriose,
D-mannose, D-melezitose, D-melibiose, D-psicose, D-raffinose, D-ribose, stachyose, sucrose, turanose, acetic acid,
beta-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, D-lactic acid methyl ester, L-malic acid, methyl pyruvate,
pyruvic acid, N-acetyl-L-glutamic acid, D- and L-alanine, L-alanyl-glycine, L-asparagine, L-glutamic acid, L-pyroglutamic acid, L-serine
and putrescine.
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4) , esterase lipase (C8), alpha-fucosidase,
gelatin hydrolysis, beta-glucosidase, beta- galactosidase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, indole
production, nitrate reduction, starch hydrolysis, lipase (C14), cystine arylamidase, alpha-chymotrypsin, acid production from inositol
and mannitol.
No acid production (API 50 CH) from adonitol, amygdalin, arbutin, D- and L-arabinose, D- and L-arabitol, cellobiose, erythritol, D- and
L-fucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, glycerol, glycogen, gentibiose, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, N-acetylglucosamine, inositol,
inulin, lactose, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, D-mannose, D-mannitol, D-maltose, melezitose,
melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-ribose, salicin, D-sorbitol, starch, L-sorbose, sucrose, D-tagatose, trehalose, turanose, xylitol, D-
and L-xylose.
No utilization (BIOLOG test) of inulin, alpha- and beta-cyclodextrin, Tween 40 and 80, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, N-acetyl-D-
mannosamine, amygdalin, L-arabinose, L-arabitol, arbutin, L-fucose, D-galacturonic acid, alpha-D-lactose,
beta-methyl-D-galactoside, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, beta-methyl-D-glucoside, alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, salicin,
sedoheptulosan, D-tagatose, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, lactamide, 2,3-butanediol, 2-deoxyadenosine,
inosine, thymidine, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, thymidine-5'-monophosphate, uridine-5'-monophosphate, fructose 6-phosphate,
glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, and D-L-alpha-glycerol phosphate.
Niacin and methanol are not utilized.
(c) Costin Stoica
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