| Photorhabdus luminescens |
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Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74% of strains
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacteriales, Family Morganellaceae, Genus Photorhabdus,
-Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. luminescens (Thomas and Poinar 1979) Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999,
-Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. mexicana Machado et al. 2019.
Basonym: Xenorhabdus luminescens Thomas and Poinar 1979.
-Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. luminescens (Thomas and Poinar 1979) Fischer-Le Saux et al. 1999,
-Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. mexicana Machado et al. 2019.
Basonym: Xenorhabdus luminescens Thomas and Poinar 1979.
Gram-negative rods, 2-6 x 0-5-1.4 µm. Motile by peritrichous flagella. Produce a faint
glow. The suggested mode of light production is that cell uses the luciferase pathway
as a terminal oxidase, allowing it to continue aerobic metabolism in low oxygen
conditions.
glow. The suggested mode of light production is that cell uses the luciferase pathway
as a terminal oxidase, allowing it to continue aerobic metabolism in low oxygen
conditions.
Polimorph, yellow, orange, or brown colonies. Optimum growth temperature 28 ºC.
Maximum temperature for growth in nutrient broth is 38-39 ºC. Bioluminescent. Annular
hemolysis observed on sheep-blood agar and, in some strains, on horse-blood agar.
Spontaneous phase shift occurs in subcultures inducing the appearance of phase II
clones. Bioluminescence is more intense in phase I. Facultatively anaerobic.
Maximum temperature for growth in nutrient broth is 38-39 ºC. Bioluminescent. Annular
hemolysis observed on sheep-blood agar and, in some strains, on horse-blood agar.
Spontaneous phase shift occurs in subcultures inducing the appearance of phase II
clones. Bioluminescence is more intense in phase I. Facultatively anaerobic.
The natural habitat is in the intestinal lumen of entomopathogenic nematodes of
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. mexicana and insects infected by these
nematodes.
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. mexicana and insects infected by these
nematodes.
Symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes or in the infected insects.
Together, Photorhabdus luminescens and their nematode host infect and kill insects
that are used during their reproductive cycles. Toxicity for insects is caused by a
series of antimicrobial end products that are excreted by the symbiont during the
multiplication of the nematodes in the insects hosts.
Together, Photorhabdus luminescens and their nematode host infect and kill insects
that are used during their reproductive cycles. Toxicity for insects is caused by a
series of antimicrobial end products that are excreted by the symbiont during the
multiplication of the nematodes in the insects hosts.
- J. G. Holt et al., 1994. Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. Subgroup 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae. In: Begey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, 9th-edition, Williams & Wilkins, pp 175-189. - Bleakley B. & Nealson K.H.: Characterization of primary and secondary forms of Xenorhabdus luminescens strain Hm, 1988,
FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 53: 241-250. - Boemare N.E., Akhurst R.J., Mourant R.G.: DNA relatedness between Xenorhabdus spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), symbiotic bacteria
of entomopathogenic nematodes, and a proposal to transfer Xenorhabdus luminescens to a new genus, Photorhabdus gen. nov,
1993, International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 43:(2) 249-255. - Marion Fischer-Le Saux, Veronique Viallard, Brigitte Brunel, Phillippe Normand, and Noel E. Boemare. Polyphasic classification of
the genus Photorhabdus and proposal of new taxa: P. luminescens subsp. luminescens subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp.
akhurstii subsp. nov., P. luminescens subsp. laumondii subsp. nov., P. temperata sp. nov., P. temperata subsp. temperata subsp.
nov. and P. asymbiotica sp. nov. IJSEM October 1999 49:1645-1656. - Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second
edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp 587-897. - Machado RAR, Wuthrich D, Kuhnert P, Arce CCM, Thonen L, Ruiz C, Zhang X, Robert CAM, Karimi J, Kamali S, et al. Whole-
genome-based revisit of Photorhabdus phylogeny: proposal for the elevation of most Photorhabdus subspecies to the species
level and description of one novel species Photorhabdus bodei sp. nov., and one novel subspecies Photorhabdus laumondii
subsp. clarkei subsp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2664-2681. - Machado RAR, Bruno P, Arce CCM, Liechti N, Kohler A, Bernal J, Bruggmann R, Turlings TCJ. Photorhabdus khanii subsp.
guanajuatensis subsp. nov., isolated from Heterorhabditis atacamensis, and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. mexicana
subsp. nov., isolated from Heterorhabditis mexicana entomopathogenic nematodes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:652-661. - Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for
Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov.,
Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2016; 66:5575-5599.
Positive results for catalase, esculin hydrolysis, lecithinase (egg yolk agar), Tween 20 and 80, acid production from: fructose, glucose
(without gas production), glycerol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, maltose(sl), D-mannose(sl), ribose and trehalose(sl) (most strains).
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, DNase(sl), lysine decarboxylase, H2S production, growth on KCN media(sl), methyl red(sl),
nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, ONPG, phenylalanine deaminase, acid production from: amygdalin, adonitol(sl),
L-arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside(sl), lactose(sl), melibiose, L-rhamnose(sl), raffinose, salicin(sl), D-sorbitol,
sucrose, and D-xylose(sl).
Legend: (sl) data available only for subsp. luminescens.
(without gas production), glycerol, N-acetyl-glucosamine, maltose(sl), D-mannose(sl), ribose and trehalose(sl) (most strains).
Negative results for arginine dihydrolase, DNase(sl), lysine decarboxylase, H2S production, growth on KCN media(sl), methyl red(sl),
nitrate reduction, ornithine decarboxylase, oxidase, ONPG, phenylalanine deaminase, acid production from: amygdalin, adonitol(sl),
L-arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside(sl), lactose(sl), melibiose, L-rhamnose(sl), raffinose, salicin(sl), D-sorbitol,
sucrose, and D-xylose(sl).
Legend: (sl) data available only for subsp. luminescens.
(c) Costin Stoica
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