| Kosakonia arachidis |
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacteriales, Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus Kosakonia,
Kosakonia arachidis (Madhaiyan et al. 2010) Brady et al. 2013.
Old synonym: Enterobacter arachidis Madhaiyan et al. 2010.
Kosakonia arachidis (Madhaiyan et al. 2010) Brady et al. 2013.
Old synonym: Enterobacter arachidis Madhaiyan et al. 2010.
Gram-negative, straight rods, 0.5-0.7 x 2.0-3.7 μm. Motile.
Grows on AMS, Tryptic soy agar, R2A, Nutrient agar + 1% methanol and MacConkey
agar. Growth occurs at 20-30 ºC (optimum 28 ºC), at pH 4-10 (optimally at pH 7) and
in 0-5% (w/v) NaCl, but not in the presence of 6% (w/v) NaCl or higher. Facultatively
anaerobic. Tolerate and grow in the presence of NiCl2 or CdCl2 up to 1 mM or 4 mM.
agar. Growth occurs at 20-30 ºC (optimum 28 ºC), at pH 4-10 (optimally at pH 7) and
in 0-5% (w/v) NaCl, but not in the presence of 6% (w/v) NaCl or higher. Facultatively
anaerobic. Tolerate and grow in the presence of NiCl2 or CdCl2 up to 1 mM or 4 mM.
Isolated from rhizosphere soil of groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. ‘ALR-2’.
Resistant to bacitracin, penicillin G, novobiocin and cephalosporin. Sensitive to spectinomycin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid),
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, vancomycin, trimethoprim, cefotoxime, doxycyclin, ampicillin, gentamicin and
tetracycline.
Resistant to bacitracin, penicillin G, novobiocin and cephalosporin. Sensitive to spectinomycin, carbenicillin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid),
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, vancomycin, trimethoprim, cefotoxime, doxycyclin, ampicillin, gentamicin and
tetracycline.
Undetermined. Nitrogen-fixing bacterium.
- Madhaiyan M, Poonguzhali S, Lee JS, Saravanan VS, Lee KC, Santhanakrishnan P. Enterobacter arachidis sp. nov., a plant-
growth-promoting diazotrophic bacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of groundnut. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:1559-
1564. - Brady C, Cleenwerck I, Venter S, Coutinho T, De Vos P. Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus
sequence analysis (MLSA): proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia
nimipressuralis comb. nov. and Lelliottia amnigena comb. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen.
nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. nov., respectively, E. cowanii, E. radicincitans, E.
oryzae and E. arachidis into Kosakonia gen. nov. as Kosakonia cowanii comb. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. nov.,
Kosakonia oryzae comb. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris
into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. nov.,
respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013; 36:309-319. - Wang C, Wu W, Wei L, Feng Y, Kang M, Xie Y, Zong Z. Kosakonia quasisacchari sp. nov. recovered from human wound secretion
in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:3164-3169.
Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, catalase, cellulase, lipase, nitrate reduction, oxidase (weakly), ornithine decarboxylase,
protease, pectinase, starch hydrolysis, and Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from adonitol, D-arabitol, dulcitol, L-fucose,
D-glucose, inositol, D-mannitol, methyl-D-glucopyranoside, raffinose, D-sorbitol, and sucrose.
Can utilize as sole carbon source dextrin, glycogen, Tween 40, Tween 80, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,
adonitol, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, cellobiose, i-erythritol, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, gentiobiose, alpha-D-glucose,
myo-inositol, lactose, lactulose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, 1-O-methyl alpha-galactopyranoside,
D-psicose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, dulcitol, sucrose, trehalose, turanose, xylitol, pyruvic acid methyl ester, succinic acid
monomethyl ester, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-gluconic acid, Dglucosaminic acid,
D-glucuronic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, DL-lactic acid, malonic acid,
D-saccharic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, glucuronamide, L-alaninamide, D- and L-alanine, L-alanyl glycine,
L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, glycyl L-aspartic acid, glycyl L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-ornithine, L-proline,
L-pyroglutamic acid, D- and L-serine, L-threonine, urocanic acid, inosine, uridine, thymidine, glycerol, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate,
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate and D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Negative results for esculin hydrolysis, gelatinase, H2S production, indole production, lysine decarboxylase, methyl red test, urease,
acid production from melibiose.
No utilization of alpha-cyclodextrin, D-melibiose, putrescine, mucate, 3-O-methyl D-glucopyranoside, D-galactonic acid lactone,
gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, phydroxyphenylacetic acid, itaconic acid, alpha-ketobutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, propionic acid,
quinic acid, sebacic acid, succinamic acid, L-hydroxyproline, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, DL-carnitine, gamma-aminobutyric acid,
phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2-aminoethanol and 2,3-butanediol.
protease, pectinase, starch hydrolysis, and Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from adonitol, D-arabitol, dulcitol, L-fucose,
D-glucose, inositol, D-mannitol, methyl-D-glucopyranoside, raffinose, D-sorbitol, and sucrose.
Can utilize as sole carbon source dextrin, glycogen, Tween 40, Tween 80, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine,
adonitol, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, cellobiose, i-erythritol, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, gentiobiose, alpha-D-glucose,
myo-inositol, lactose, lactulose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, methyl beta-D-glucoside, 1-O-methyl alpha-galactopyranoside,
D-psicose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, dulcitol, sucrose, trehalose, turanose, xylitol, pyruvic acid methyl ester, succinic acid
monomethyl ester, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-gluconic acid, Dglucosaminic acid,
D-glucuronic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, DL-lactic acid, malonic acid,
D-saccharic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, glucuronamide, L-alaninamide, D- and L-alanine, L-alanyl glycine,
L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, glycyl L-aspartic acid, glycyl L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-ornithine, L-proline,
L-pyroglutamic acid, D- and L-serine, L-threonine, urocanic acid, inosine, uridine, thymidine, glycerol, DL-alpha-glycerol phosphate,
alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate and D-glucose 6-phosphate.
Negative results for esculin hydrolysis, gelatinase, H2S production, indole production, lysine decarboxylase, methyl red test, urease,
acid production from melibiose.
No utilization of alpha-cyclodextrin, D-melibiose, putrescine, mucate, 3-O-methyl D-glucopyranoside, D-galactonic acid lactone,
gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, phydroxyphenylacetic acid, itaconic acid, alpha-ketobutyric acid, alpha-ketovaleric acid, propionic acid,
quinic acid, sebacic acid, succinamic acid, L-hydroxyproline, L-leucine, L-phenylalanine, DL-carnitine, gamma-aminobutyric acid,
phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2-aminoethanol and 2,3-butanediol.
(c) Costin Stoica
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