Enterobacter cloacae subspecies cannot be clearly differentiated by biochemical tests. Subsp. dissolvens cannot ferment D-adonitol,
dulcitol, glycerol and tartrate, while subsp. cloacae gives variable results.
Enterobacter kobei cannot be clearly differentiated from E. cloacae by biochemical tests.
dulcitol, glycerol and tartrate, while subsp. cloacae gives variable results.
Enterobacter kobei cannot be clearly differentiated from E. cloacae by biochemical tests.
| Enterobacter cloacae Gram-negative cells |
| Antibiogram |
| Enterobacter cloacae |
| Enterobacter cloacae haemolytic (right) and non-haemolytic (left) colonies on sheep blood agar |
Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [+] positive 75-89%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74% of strains
|
Differential characters between E. cloacae close species:
Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacterales, Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus Enterobacter,
- Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hoffmann et al. 2005 - type species of the genus.
Old synonyms: Bacillus cloacae Jordan 1890, Bacterium cloacae (Jordan 1890) Lehmann and Neumann 1896, Cloaca cloacae
(Jordan 1890) Castellani and Chalmers 1919.
- Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Hoffmann et al. 2005.
Old synonyms: Enterobacter dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Brenner et al. 1988, Erwinia
dissolvens (Rosen 1922), Burkholder 1948, Pseudomonas dissolvens, Bacterium
dissolvens, Phytomonas dissolvens, Aplanobacter dissolvens, Aerobacter dissolvens.
- Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (Jordan 1890) Hoffmann et al. 2005 - type species of the genus.
Old synonyms: Bacillus cloacae Jordan 1890, Bacterium cloacae (Jordan 1890) Lehmann and Neumann 1896, Cloaca cloacae
(Jordan 1890) Castellani and Chalmers 1919.
- Enterobacter cloacae subsp. dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Hoffmann et al. 2005.
Old synonyms: Enterobacter dissolvens (Rosen 1922) Brenner et al. 1988, Erwinia
dissolvens (Rosen 1922), Burkholder 1948, Pseudomonas dissolvens, Bacterium
dissolvens, Phytomonas dissolvens, Aplanobacter dissolvens, Aerobacter dissolvens.
Gram-negative, straight rods, 0.6-1.0 x 1.2-3.0 µm. Motile by 4-6 peritrichous flagella.
Colonies on nutritive agar are round, 2-3 mm in diameter, and slightly iridescent or
flat with irregular edges, nonpigmented. Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation
temperature 30-37 ºC. Can grow at 41 ºC. Grow on simple media and on selective
media for Enterobacteriaceae.
flat with irregular edges, nonpigmented. Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation
temperature 30-37 ºC. Can grow at 41 ºC. Grow on simple media and on selective
media for Enterobacteriaceae.
Can be found on human skin and plants as well as in soil, water, sewage, intestinal tracts of humans and animals, clinical
specimens (feces, urine, blood, wound exudates, sputum) and some dairy products.
specimens (feces, urine, blood, wound exudates, sputum) and some dairy products.
Enterobacter spp. rarely cause disease in a healthy individual. This opportunistic
pathogen, similar to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, possesses an
endotoxin known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and its
complications. Adhesins are often also hemagglutinins (HA) and may or may not be
located on fimbriae.
E. cloacae and E. aerogenes, are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for
various infections, including bacteremia, lower respiratory infections, skin and soft
tissue infections, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, ophthalmic
infections and arthritis.
Enterobacter cloacae is also the causal agent of internal yellowing of papaya fruit.
Enterobacter dissolvens (Erwinia dissolvens) is the causal agent of corn stalk rot.
pathogen, similar to other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, possesses an
endotoxin known to play a major role in the pathophysiology of sepsis and its
complications. Adhesins are often also hemagglutinins (HA) and may or may not be
located on fimbriae.
E. cloacae and E. aerogenes, are important nosocomial pathogens responsible for
various infections, including bacteremia, lower respiratory infections, skin and soft
tissue infections, urinary tract infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, ophthalmic
infections and arthritis.
Enterobacter cloacae is also the causal agent of internal yellowing of papaya fruit.
Enterobacter dissolvens (Erwinia dissolvens) is the causal agent of corn stalk rot.
- J. G. Holt et al., 1994. Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. Subgroup 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae. In: Begey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, 9th-edition, Williams & Wilkins, pp 175-189. - Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second
edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp 587-897. - Ewing (W.H.) and Fife (M.A.): Enterobacter agglomerans (Beijernick) comb. nov. (the Herbicola-Lathyri Bacteria). International
Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 1972, 22, 4-11. - Farmer III (J.J.) et al.: Enterobacter sakazakii: a new species of "Enterobacteriaceae" isolated from clinical specimens. Int. J. Syst.
Bacteriol., 1980, 30, 569-584. - Chung (Y.R.) et al.: Enterobacter pyrinus sp. nov., an organism associated with brown leaf spot disease of pear trees. Int. J. Syst.
Bacteriol., 1993, 43, 157-161. - Farmer III (J.J.) et al: Escherichia fergusonii and Enterobacter taylorae, two new species of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from
clinical specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1985, 21, 77-81. - Hoffmann (H.) et al.: Description of Enterobacter ludwigii sp. nov., a novel Enterobacter species of clinical relevance. Syst. Appl.
Microbiol., 2005, 28, 206-212. - Kosako (Y.) et al.: Enterobacter kobei sp. nov., a new species of the familiy Enterobacteriaceae resembling Enterobacter cloacae.
Curr. Microbiol., 1996, 33, 261-265. - Kampfer P, Ruppel S, Remus R. Enterobacter radicincitans sp. nov., a plant growth promoting species of the family
Enterobacteriaceae. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 28:213-221. - O’Hara(C.M.) et al.: Enterobacter hormaechei, a new species of the family Enterobacteriaceae formerly known as Enteric Group
75. J. Clin. Microbiol., 1989, 27, 2046-2049. - Brenner (D.J.) et al.: Enterobacter gergoviae sp. nov.: a new species of Enterobacteriaceae found in clinical specimens and the
environment. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1980, 30, 1-6. - Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for
Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov.,
Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2016; 66:5575-5599. - Brady C, Cleenwerck I, Venter S, Coutinho T, De Vos P. Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus
sequence analysis (MLSA): proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia
nimipressuralis comb. nov. and Lelliottia amnigena comb. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen.
nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. nov., respectively, E. cowanii, E. radicincitans, E.
oryzae and E. arachidis into Kosakonia gen. nov. as Kosakonia cowanii comb. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. nov.,
Kosakonia oryzae comb. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris
into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. nov.,
respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013; 36:309-319. - Doijad S, Imirzalioglu C, Yao Y, Pati NB, Falgenhauer L, Hain T, Foesel BU, Abt B, Overmann J, Mirambo MM, et al. Enterobacter
bugandensis sp. nov., isolated from neonatal blood. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:968-974.
Positive results for arginine dihydrolase, catalase, ONPG, ornithine decarboxylase,
nitrate reduction, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from L-arabinose,
cellobiose, glucose (with gas production), gluconate, mannitol, maltose, mannose,
methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, salicin, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose and xylose.
Negative results for DN-ase, indole production, H2S production, lipase, lysine
decarboxylase, methyl red test, phenylalanine, gelatin hydrolysis, and oxidase.
Variable results for acid production from inositol.
nitrate reduction, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from L-arabinose,
cellobiose, glucose (with gas production), gluconate, mannitol, maltose, mannose,
methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, salicin, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose and xylose.
Negative results for DN-ase, indole production, H2S production, lipase, lysine
decarboxylase, methyl red test, phenylalanine, gelatin hydrolysis, and oxidase.
Variable results for acid production from inositol.
(c) Costin Stoica
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