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Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacterales, Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus Citrobacter,
Citrobacter koseri Frederiksen 1970.
Synonyms: Aerobacter diversum Burkey 1928, Citrobacter diversum (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932, Citrobacter diversus
corrig. (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932, Levinea malonatica Young et al. 1971.
Citrobacter koseri Frederiksen 1970.
Synonyms: Aerobacter diversum Burkey 1928, Citrobacter diversum (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932, Citrobacter diversus
corrig. (Burkey 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932, Levinea malonatica Young et al. 1971.
Gram-negative, straight rods, 1.0 x 2.0-6.0 μm, found singly or in pairs. Motile by
peritrichous flagella. Not encapsulated.
peritrichous flagella. Not encapsulated.
Colonies on nutrient agar are generally 2-4 mm in diameter, smooth, low convex,
moist, translucent or opaque, and gray with a shiny surface and entire edge.
Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation temperature 37 °C. Cultures often have a distinct
fecal odor.
moist, translucent or opaque, and gray with a shiny surface and entire edge.
Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation temperature 37 °C. Cultures often have a distinct
fecal odor.
Isolated from feces of humans and animals and in soil, water, sewage, and food. Also isolated from human clinical specimens
such as urine, throat, nose, and sputum and wound swabs.
such as urine, throat, nose, and sputum and wound swabs.
Opportunistic pathogen. Causes neonatal meningitis, often complicated with cerebral abscesses, and often fatal. Some cases
occur in small outbreaks.
occur in small outbreaks.
- J. G. Holt et al., 1994. Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. Subgroup 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae. In: Begey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, 9th-edition, Williams & Wilkins, pp 175-189. - Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second
edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp 587-897. - Werkman (C.H.) and Gillen (G.F.): Bacteria producing trimethylene glycol. Journal of Bacteriology,1932, 23,167-182
- Ewing(W.H.) and Davis (B.R.): Biochemical characterization of Citrobacter diversus (Burkey) Werkman and Gillen and designation
of the neotype strain. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1972, 22, 12-18. - M.P. STARR et al. (ed.), The procaryotes, a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria.Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
1981, p. 1140-1147 - Abbot SL, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia, Plesiomonas, and other Enterobacteriaceae. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ,
Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th edition. Washington DC: American Society for
Microbiology, 2003:684-700 - Don J. Brenner. Biochemical Identification of citrobacter Species Defined by DNA Hybridization and Description of Citrobacter
gillenii sp. nov. (formerly C. genomospecies 10) and C. murliniae sp. nov. (formerly Citrobacter genomospecies 11), Journal of
Clinical Microbiology Aug. 1999, p. 2619–2624, Vol. 37, No. 8. - Adeolu M, Alnajar S, Naushad S, S Gupta R. Genome-based phylogeny and taxonomy of the 'Enterobacteriales': proposal for
Enterobacterales ord. nov. divided into the families Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae fam. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. nov.,
Yersiniaceae fam. nov., Hafniaceae fam. nov., Morganellaceae fam. nov., and Budviciaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol
2016; 66:5575-5599. - Oberhettinger P, Schule L, Marschal M, Bezdan D, Ossowski S, Dorfel D, Vogel W, Rossen JW, Willmann M, Peter S. Description
of Citrobacter cronae sp. nov., isolated from human rectal swabs and stool samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2998-3003. - Ribeiro TG, Clermont D, Branquinho R, Machado E, Peixe L, Brisse S. Citrobacter europaeus sp. nov., isolated from water and
human faecal samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:170-173. - Clermont D, Motreff L, Passet V, Fernandez JC, Bizet C, Brisse S. Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Citrobacter and
description of Citrobacter pasteurii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:1486-1490. - Ribeiro TG, Goncalves BR, da Silva MS, Novais A, Machado E, Carrico JA, Peixe L. Citrobacter portucalensis sp. nov., isolated from
an aquatic sample. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3513-3517. - Ribeiro TG, Izdebski R, Urbanowicz P, Carmeli Y, Gniadkowski M, Peixe L. Citrobacter telavivum sp. nov. with chromosomal mcr-9
from hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:123-131.
Positive results for methyl red, ONPG, nitrate reduction, Tartrate (Jordans), acid production from: glucose (with gas), L-arabinose, D-
arabitol, maltose, L-rhamnose, trehalose, D-xylose, D-mannitol, mannose and D-sorbitol.
Negative results fo oxidase, lysine decarboxylase, Voges-Proskauer, phenylalanine, gelatinase, deoxyribonuclease, lipase, acid
production from: erythritol, myo-inositol, melibiose and raffinose.
Variable results for dulcitol and sucrose acidification.
arabitol, maltose, L-rhamnose, trehalose, D-xylose, D-mannitol, mannose and D-sorbitol.
Negative results fo oxidase, lysine decarboxylase, Voges-Proskauer, phenylalanine, gelatinase, deoxyribonuclease, lipase, acid
production from: erythritol, myo-inositol, melibiose and raffinose.
Variable results for dulcitol and sucrose acidification.
(c) Costin Stoica
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Differential characters of the species:
Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [+] positive 75-89%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74%, nd not determined.
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