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Taxonomy
Morphology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical characters
Ecology
Pathogenicity
References
Phylum Proteobacteria, Class Gammaproteobacteria, Order Enterobacterales, Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus Citrobacter,
Citrobacter europaeus Ribeiro et al. 2017.
Citrobacter europaeus Ribeiro et al. 2017.
Gram-negative rods, 1-2 x 4-5 µm. Motile. Non-spore-forming.
Growth occurs in the range of 0-15 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 5.0-10.0 in TSB.
Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation temperature 37 °C.
Facultatively anaerobic. Incubation temperature 37 °C.
Isolated from human faeces and well water.
Isolated from faeces from a human with diarrhoea.
- J. G. Holt et al., 1994. Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. Subgroup 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae. In: Begey’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology, 9th-edition, Williams & Wilkins, pp 175-189. - Don J. Brenner and J.J. Farmer III, 2001. Family I. Enterobacteriaceae. In: Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Second
edition, Vol two, part B, George M. Garrity (Editor-in-Chief), pp 587-897. - Oberhettinger P, Schule L, Marschal M, Bezdan D, Ossowski S, Dorfel D, Vogel W, Rossen JW, Willmann M, Peter S. Description
of Citrobacter cronae sp. nov., isolated from human rectal swabs and stool samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2998-3003. - Ribeiro TG, Clermont D, Branquinho R, Machado E, Peixe L, Brisse S. Citrobacter europaeus sp. nov., isolated from water and
human faecal samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:170-173. - Clermont D, Motreff L, Passet V, Fernandez JC, Bizet C, Brisse S. Multilocus sequence analysis of the genus Citrobacter and
description of Citrobacter pasteurii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:1486-1490. - Ribeiro TG, Goncalves BR, da Silva MS, Novais A, Machado E, Carrico JA, Peixe L. Citrobacter portucalensis sp. nov., isolated from
an aquatic sample. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3513-3517. - Ribeiro TG, Izdebski R, Urbanowicz P, Carmeli Y, Gniadkowski M, Peixe L. Citrobacter telavivum sp. nov. with chromosomal mcr-9
from hospitalized patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:123-131.
Positive results for catalase, H2S production, methyl red test , nitrate reduction to nitrite
(not to N2), acid production from: glycerol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, arbutin,
cellobiose, dulcitol, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, gentiobiose, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, 2-nitrophenyl beta-
D-galactopyranoside, inositol, lactose, maltose, melibiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, L-rhamnose, raffinose, D-
ribose, L-sorbose, D-sorbitol, salicin, trehalose and D-xylose.
Negative results for citrate utilization, indole production, gelatinase, oxidase, urease, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from: D-
and L-arabitol, D-adonitol, amygdalin, esculin ferric citrate, erythritol, D-fucose, glycogen, inulin, D-lyxose, D-melezitose, methyl beta-
D-xylopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, sucrose, starch, D-turanose, D-tagatose,
xylitol, and L-xylose.
L-arginine, L-lysine and L-tryptophan are not utilized.
(not to N2), acid production from: glycerol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, arbutin,
cellobiose, dulcitol, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, gentiobiose, gluconate, 2- and 5-ketogluconate, 2-nitrophenyl beta-
D-galactopyranoside, inositol, lactose, maltose, melibiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, L-rhamnose, raffinose, D-
ribose, L-sorbose, D-sorbitol, salicin, trehalose and D-xylose.
Negative results for citrate utilization, indole production, gelatinase, oxidase, urease, Voges-Proskauer test, acid production from: D-
and L-arabitol, D-adonitol, amygdalin, esculin ferric citrate, erythritol, D-fucose, glycogen, inulin, D-lyxose, D-melezitose, methyl beta-
D-xylopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, sucrose, starch, D-turanose, D-tagatose,
xylitol, and L-xylose.
L-arginine, L-lysine and L-tryptophan are not utilized.
(c) Costin Stoica
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Differential characters of the species:
Legend: + positive 90-100%, - negative 90-100%, [+] positive 75-89%, [-] negative 75-89%, d positive 25-74%, nd not determined.
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